This is libdEdx#
Table of Contents
0. License and disclaimer#
0.1 Acknowledgements#
We are grateful for the support by Prof. Helmut Paul from the University of Linz, Austria. Niels Bassler acknowledges support from the Danish Cancer Society.
1. Introduction#
libdEdx is an easy to use library which provides electronic stopping powers of fast charged particles.
It is a collection of commonly known stopping power tables and stopping-power routines.
You can either use it as a library, by including the <dedx.h> file and linking against the dedx library,
or manually access a value with the getdedx command.
A testing version of the web front end is available on https://aptg.github.io/web_dev/
2. Data available#
- ASTAR:
- Energy range
0.25 keV/u to 250 MeV/u
- Particles
only helium nuclei
- Targets
See astar_targets
- PSTAR:
- Energy range
1 keV/u to 10 GeV/u
- Particles
only protons
- Targets
See pstar_and_astar_targets
- ESTAR:
- Energy range
1 keV/u to 10 GeV/u
- Particles
only electrons
- Targets
See estar_targets
- ICRU:
- Energy range
25 keV/u to 1 GeV/u
- Particles
See icru73_particle_targets
- Targets
See icru73_particle_targets
- BETHE_EXT00:
- Comment
Bethe equation with Linhard-Scharff at lower energies. BETHE_EXT00 is optimized for particle therapy, i.e. works well at lower energies and lighter particles and targets. It is not recommended for heavy targets and heavy/fast ions. BETHE_EXT00 is the same algorithm used in SHIELD-HIT12A, but default I-values may vary.
- Energy range
1 keV/u to 1 GeV/u
- Particles
Any, but will be most correct at light ions
- Targets
Any, but will be most correct at light targets
For all data tables and equations, it is possible to use Bragg’s additivity rule, if a specific target is unavailable by default.
3. Installation#
Configuration and installation are handled with CMAKE. Install CMake from your local Linux distribution, or get it from http://www.cmake.org if using Windows
From source code:
1) go to the directory where you have unpacked libdedx
2) cmake -S . -B build
3) cmake --build build
which will build the .so or .dll file depending on the platform. Additionally, the example and auxiliary programs will be built, and the binary data tables will be generated.
Finally, run:
5) cmake --install build
this will copy the binary tables and tables to the relevant places on your system. On Linux, you will need to prefix this command with sudo or run it as root.
4. Use#
UNITS: Energies are always in terms of MeV/nucleon, except for ESTAR, where the electron energy must be specified in terms of MeV. The resulting mass stopping power is in MeV cm2/g.
Stopping power values can be retrieved in two different ways:
a simple method for simple implementation,
a bit more complicated way, but more suitable for fast and multithreading applications.
Method 1) involves a single function call:
float dedx_get_simple_stp(int ion,
int target,
float energy,
int * err);
The function returns the stopping power of the specific configuration, using the ICRU49 and ICRU73 data table if possible, else the BETHE_EXT00 table.
- ion
is the Z value of the particle
- target
is the id of the target, the id follows the ICRU naming convention the id can be found in the respective target files for each program.
- energy
is the kinetic energy for the ion per nucleon (MeV/nucl).
- *err
contains the error code and is 0 if no error was encountered. An explanation of the error codes can be found in the error_codes.txt file.
Thus
a = dedx_get_simple_stp(DEDX_CARBON, DEDX_WATER, 100.0, &err);
will store the mass stopping power of a 100 MeV/u carbon ion in a water target.
A list of ions and target media is given in appendix A.3.
Method 2) is the proper method of using dedx if several stopping powers are to be retrieved. It is (hopefully) thread-safe and was optimized to be fast.
First memory for a workspace and a config struct must be allocated.
dedx_workspace *ws;
dedx_config *cfg = (dedx_config *)calloc(1,sizeof(dedx_config));
ws = dedx_allocate_workspace(int datasets, int *err)
The function returns a struct of the type dedx_workspace *ws
- datasets
is the number of ion - target combinations you want to use at the same time.
- *err
pointer to an integer holding an error code.
Next you must initialize your configuration, by writing to the cfg struct.
typedef struct
{
int cfg_id;
int program;
int target; // target can either be an element or a compound
int ion; // id number of projectile
int ion_a; // nucleon number of projectile
int bragg_used; // is 1 if Braggs additivity rule was applied
int compound_state; // DEDX_DEFAULT=0, DEDX_GAS DEDX_CONDENSED ...
unsigned int elements_length; // elements_length --- number of unique elements in comp.
int * elements_id; // elements_id --- Z of each element
int * elements_atoms; // elements_atoms --- number of atoms per comp. unit
char mstar_mode;
float i_value; // i_value --- mean excitation potential of target
float rho;
float * elements_mass_fraction; // mass_fraction of each element
float * elements_i_value; // i_value of each element
const char * target_name;
const char * ion_name;
const char * program_name;
} dedx_config;
Description of the elements:
- cfg_id
configuration id, which is set by
dedx_config. Don’t touch.- program
must be specified by the user, see appendix A.3
- target
see appendix A.3. If another compound is requested which is not in the list, then the user must specify compound constituents by
*elements_idand either*elements_mass_fractionor*elements_atoms.- ion
must be specified by the user, see appendix A.3
- compound
is set to
TRUEbydedx_load_config(), if the target was not found in the default list, but generated from individual elements instead.- compound_state
is assumed to be DEDX_DEFAULT_STATE, which means normal state of aggregation. It could also be: DEDX_GAS or DEDX_CONDENSED From version 1.2.1 the state parameter (i.e. the I-values) of the Bethe function will be affected, but only in the case where
element_idis specified andelement_i_valueis not. This difference applies for elements which is naturally found in gas state, following ICRU49 recommendations. The I-value is multiplied with 1.13 to get the liquid/solid I-value phase, except for the following elements, where these I-values are used in condensed phase:Hydrogen: 21.8 eV
Carbon: 81 eV
Nitrogen: 82 eV
Oxygen: 106 eV
Fluor 112 eV
Chlorine 180 eV
ICRU49 is ambiguous here since it also recommends using 19.2 eV for liquids in table 2.11, which contradicts 21.8 eV from table 2.8. Moreover, oxygen is stated as 95.0 eV in table 2.8 and 97 eV for gasses in table 2.11. Here, table 2.8 is used in case of ambiguous values, since libdEdx does not discriminate between the I-values of elements and atomic constituents in compounds. If other values are needed they can be specified with the
*elements_i_value parameter. When using MSTAR read themstar_modefunction carefully too. The compound_state will apply equally to all constituents when working with compounds.- elements_length
number of unique elements in a compound. Must be specified if the target is undefined (DEDX_UNDEFINED)
- *elements_id
Z of each constituent element, must be specified if target is undefined
- *elements_atoms
number of atoms per comp. unit must be specified if the target is undefined.
- mstar_mode
MSTAR features several modes of operation, depending on the state of the compound.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_A
will work for most compounds. Automatic selection of state, depending on the state table in the appendix. This mode ‘a’ will select ‘g’ mode for gas phase and ‘c’ mode for condensed phase.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_B
recommended and default mode of operation. However, not all elements work. This mode ‘b’ will select ‘h’ for gas and ‘d’ for condensed phase, depending on the state table in the appendix.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_C
Condensed phase for ‘a’ mode.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_D
Condensed phase for recommended ‘b’ mode.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_G
Gas phase for ‘a’ mode.
- DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_H
Gas phase for recommended ‘b’ mode.
if DEDX_DEFAULT, then ‘b’ method of MSTAR is used, as recommended by MSTAR author Helmut Paul. In case of an overspecified, or even contradicting system (e.g. DEDX_GAS was set in compound_state and DEDX_MSTAR_MODE_D mode requested), then libdEdx will follow mstar_mode and ignore compound_state.
The condensed modes ‘c’ or ‘d’ will be selected if DEDX_CONDENSED is requested in compound_state. ‘c’ is the condensed phase for the ‘a’ mode of MSTAR. ‘d’ is the same for the recommended ‘b’ mode of operation. The value in mstar_mode will be updated accordingly after dedx_load_config() was applied.
The ‘d’ mode is not allowed on Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium. In that case libdEdx will switch to ‘c’ mode. mstar_mode will NOT be updated in this case. The reason is, that when ‘d’ was requested for a compound, then only the elements Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium will be affected, leaving all other elements in ‘d’ mode.
If DEDX_GAS is requested, then ‘g’ or ‘h’ is attempted, depending on if ‘a’ or ‘b’ mode was requested, respectively. The value in mstar_mode will be updated, accordingly, after dedx_load_config() was applied.
However, for Hydrogen and Helium targets, only the ‘g’ mode is allowed for DEDX_GAS in MSTAR, i.e. ‘h’ mode is not allowed. libdEdx will then switch to ‘g’ in that case. mstar_mode will NOT be updated in this case. E.g. when working with a compound with ‘h’ requested, only Hydrogen and Helium will be calculated using ‘g’ mode, and all other constituents remain in ‘h’ mode. Confusing? Yes.
- i_value
if unspecified, then ICRU I-values are used for target compound. If target is set, or if target is 0, then it is calculated from the individual i-values set in
*elements_i_value, but only when the*elements_i_value are empty, i.e. uninitialized.- *elements_mass_fraction
must be specified if target and elements_atoms is left undefined. If both are specified, then only elements_mass_fraction is considered, and element_atoms is ignored entirely. Mass fraction is the summed atomic mass of a constituing element, divided by the total atomic mass of the compound.
- *elements_i_value
if target is 0, then individual I-values of elements can be specified here. If any values are found in
*elements_i_value, then i_value is ignored. Zero is not allowed. If any of the I-values are specified, then they must be specified for all elements.
As a minimum, you should specify program, target and ion, i.e.
cfg->ion = DEDX_CARBON;
cfg->program = DEDX_ICRU;
cfg->target = DEDX_PMMA;
and then load the config
void dedx_load_config(dedx_workspace *ws,
dedx_config *config,
int *err);
which will initialize the remaining configure options which may be needed. The options can be probed by the user, but beware that some hold NULL pointers.
You have to call dedx_load_config() for each target/ion combination.
If multiple combinations are used, you must allocate memory for each
*config element, and call dedx_load_config() for each configuration.
Since it, there had been observed some misbehave of the library using
malloc for allocating memory to the config struct, it is recommended
to use calloc or similar.
Stopping power values are returned by:
float dedx_get_stp(dedx_workspace *ws,
int config,
float energy,
int *err)
energy: kinetic energy of a particle in MeV/nucleon.
When you are done with the library you have to run
dedx_free_workspace(dedx_workspace *ws, int *err);
dedx_free_config(dedx_config * config, int *err);
to free the allocated memory.
Bragg additivity rule: Braggs additivity rule is applied automatically if you request a target material that is not on the list in that particular stopping power routine.
Own compounds: You can set up your own compounds by specifying each element in the dedx_config struct. Here is an example for water, set up by mass fraction:
config = (dedx_config *)calloc(1,sizeof(dedx_config));
config->prog = DEDX_ASTAR;
config->ion = DEDX_HELIUM;
config->elements_id = calloc(2,sizeof(int));
config->elements_id[0] = DEDX_HYDROGEN;
config->elements_id[1] = DEDX_OXYGEN;
config->elements_mass_fraction = calloc(2,sizeof(float));
config->elements_mass_fraction[0] = 0.111894;
config->elements_mass_fraction[1] = 0.888106;
config->elements_length = 2;
Mass fractions are particularly useful if you want to use special isotopic compositions, instead of natural compositions.
Alternatively, you can set it up by the relative amount of elements:
config = (dedx_config *)calloc(1,sizeof(dedx_config));
config->prog = DEDX_BETHE_EXT00;
config->ion = DEDX_HELIUM;
config->elements_id = calloc(2,sizeof(int));
config->elements_id[0] = DEDX_HYDROGEN;
config->elements_id[1] = DEDX_OXYGEN;
config->elements_atoms = calloc(2,sizeof(int));
config->elements_atoms[0] = 2;
config->elements_atoms[1] = 1;
config->elements_length = 2;
Then libdEdx will use the natural isotope compositions, e.g. 12.0107 for natural carbon which also contains C-13 and C-14.
Overriding I-value: Instead of using the default, I value for a compound, determined by either the predefined ICRU material list or Braggs additivity rule of the compound, you can specify the I-value manually for the BETHE-type algorithms:
config = (dedx_config *)calloc(1,sizeof(dedx_config));
config->prog = DEDX_BETHE_EXT00;
config->ion = DEDX_HELIUM;
config->i_value = 78.0; // new I-value in eV
config->elements_id = calloc(2,sizeof(int));
config->elements_id[0] = DEDX_HYDROGEN;
config->elements_id[1] = DEDX_OXYGEN;
config->elements_atoms = calloc(2,sizeof(int));
config->elements_atoms[0] = 2;
config->elements_atoms[1] = 1;
config->elements_length = 2;
5. Release notes#
Version: 1.2.1#
- Changes:
several bug fixes regarding the state of the compound when using Bragg’s rule.
better testing of library
completed the ICRU material list on which elements is on the gas phase, see Appendix
Version: 1.2#
- Changes:
New API, which should be more stable for future enhancements
I-values can be specified for compounds
bound checking
functions for compound data look-up, version number and energy bounds
dedx_tools.h for inverse look-ups
should be thread-safe
bug fixes
memory leak fixes
Python bindings
- Known limitations:
ESTAR is still not implemented.
Version 1.0.1#
- Known limitations:
ESTAR is not implemented
WIN32/MINGW build not tested, this will be a UNIX/LINUX only release.
Bethe function: I-value can only be set for elements, not compounds.
A.1 API#
List of functions available in dedx.h:
dedx_workspace * dedx_allocate_workspace(unsigned int count, int *err);
void dedx_free_config(dedx_config *config, int *err);
void dedx_free_workspace(dedx_workspace *ws, int *err);
void dedx_get_composition(int target, float composition[][2], unsigned int * comp_len, int *err);
void dedx_get_error_code(char *err_str, int err);
float dedx_get_i_value(int target, int *err);
const int * dedx_get_ion_list(int program);
const char * dedx_get_ion_name(int ion);
const int * dedx_get_material_list(int program);
const char * dedx_get_material_name(int material);
float dedx_get_min_energy(int program, int ion);
float dedx_get_max_energy(int program, int ion);
const int * dedx_get_program_list(void);
const char * dedx_get_program_name(int program);
const char * dedx_get_program_version(int program);
float dedx_get_simple_stp(int ion, int target, float energy, int *err);
float dedx_get_stp(dedx_workspace *ws, dedx_config *config, float energy, int *err);
void dedx_get_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch);
void dedx_load_config(dedx_workspace *ws, dedx_config *config, int *err);
A.2 Error codes#
1-100 IO error
101-200 Out of bounds errors
201-300 invalid input
1 Composition file compos.txt does not exist
2 MSTAR file mstar_gas_states.dat does not exist
3 MSTAR effective_charge.dat file does not exist
4 Unable to access binary data file
5 Unable to access binary energy file
6 Unable to write to disk
7 Unable to read energy file
8 Unable to read data file
9 Unable to read short_names file
10 Unable to read composition file
101 Energy out of bounds
201 Target is not in composition file
202 Target and ion combination is not in data file
203 ID does not exist
204 Target is not an atomic element
205 ESTAR is not implemented yet
206 Ion is not supported for MSTAR
207 Ion is not supported for requested table
208 Rho must be specified in this configuration.
209 Mass of ion (ion_a) must be specified in this configuration.
210 I value must be larger than zero.
A.3 Additional lists#
All names can be prefixed with DEDX_
List all known data tables and algorithms:
List all known ions:
List all known target materials (following ICRU naming convention):
List of elements and compounds which are on gas phase by default:
In your computer code, all materials and ions can also be accessed by their name
via the DEDX_ prefix. However, there are occasionally small variations in the naming scheme.
Enums are defined in dedx.h, but are listed here for convenience:
enum {DEDX_ASTAR=1, DEDX_PSTAR, DEDX_ESTAR,
DEDX_MSTAR, DEDX_ICRU73_OLD, DEDX_ICRU73, DEDX_ICRU49, _DEDX_0008,
DEDX_ICRU, DEDX_DEFAULT=100, DEDX_BETHE_EXT00};
enum {DEDX_DEFAULT_STATE=0,DEDX_GAS,DEDX_CONDENSED};
enum {DEDX_HYDROGEN=1, DEDX_HELIUM, DEDX_LITHIUM, DEDX_BERYLLIUM, DEDX_BORON,
DEDX_CARBON, DEDX_GRAPHITE=906, DEDX_NITROGEN=7, DEDX_OXYGEN,
DEDX_FLUORINE, DEDX_NEON, DEDX_SODIUM, DEDX_MAGNESIUM,
DEDX_ALUMINUM, DEDX_SILICON, DEDX_PHOSPHORUS, DEDX_SULFUR,
DEDX_CHLORINE, DEDX_ARGON, DEDX_POTASSIUM, DEDX_CALCIUM, DEDX_SCANDIUM,
DEDX_TITeANIUM, DEDX_VANADIUM, DEDX_CHROMIUM, DEDX_MANGANESE, DEDX_IRON,
DEDX_COBALT, DEDX_NICKEL, DEDX_COPPER, DEDX_ZINC, DEDX_GALLIUM,
DEDX_GERMANIUM, DEDX_ARSENIC, DEDX_SELENIUM, DEDX_BROMINE, DEDX_KRYPTON,
DEDX_RUBIDIUM, DEDX_STRONTIUM, DEDX_YTTRIUM, DEDX_ZIRCONIUM, DEDX_NIOBIUM,
DEDX_MOLYBDENUM, DEDX_TECHNETIUM, DEDX_RUTHENIUM, DEDX_RHODIUM,
DEDX_PALLADIUM, DEDX_SILVER, DEDX_CADMIUM, DEDX_INDIUM, DEDX_TIN,
DEDX_ANTIMONY, DEDX_TELLURIUM, DEDX_IODINE, DEDX_XENON, DEDX_CESIUM,
DEDX_BARIUM, DEDX_LANTHANUM, DEDX_CERIUM, DEDX_PRASEODYMIUM,
DEDX_NEODYMIUM, DEDX_PROMETHIUM, DEDX_SAMARIUM, DEDX_EUROPIUM,
DEDX_GADOLINIUM, DEDX_TERBIUM, DEDX_DYSPROSIUM, DEDX_HOLMIUM,
DEDX_ERBIUM, DEDX_THULIUM, DEDX_YTTERBIUM, DEDX_LUTETIUM, DEDX_HAFNIUM,
DEDX_TANTALUM, DEDX_TUNGSTEN, DEDX_RHENIUM, DEDX_OSMIUM, DEDX_IRIDIUM,
DEDX_PLATINUM, DEDX_GOLD, DEDX_MERCURY, DEDX_THALLIUM, DEDX_LEAD,
DEDX_BISMUTH, DEDX_POLONIUM, DEDX_ASTATINE, DEDX_RADON, DEDX_FRANCIUM,
DEDX_RADIUM, DEDX_ACTINIUM, DEDX_THORIUM, DEDX_PROTACTINIUM,
DEDX_URANIUM, DEDX_NEPTUNIUM, DEDX_PLUTONIUM, DEDX_AMERICIUM,
DEDX_CURIUM, DEDX_BERKELIUM, DEDX_CALIFORNIUM,
DEDX_A150_TISSUE_EQUIVALENT_PLASTIC, DEDX_ACETONE, DEDX_ACETYLENE,
DEDX_ADENINE, DEDX_ADIPOSE_TISSUE_ICRP, DEDX_AIR_DRY_NEAR_SEA_LEVEL,
DEDX_ALANINE, DEDX_ALUMINUMOXIDE, DEDX_AMBER, DEDX_AMMONIA, DEDX_ANILINE,
DEDX_ANTHRACENE, DEDX_B100, DEDX_BAKELITE, DEDX_BARIUM_FLUORIDE,
DEDX_BARIUM_SULFATE, DEDX_BENZENE, DEDX_BERYLLIUM_OXIDE,
DEDX_BISMUTH_GERMANIUM_OXIDE, DEDX_BLOOD_ICRP, DEDX_BONE_COMPACT_ICRU,
DEDX_BONE_CORTICAL_ICRP, DEDX_BORON_CARBIDE, DEDX_BORON_OXIDE,
DEDX_BRAIN_ICRP, DEDX_BUTANE, DEDX_N_BUTYLALCOHOL,
DEDX_C552_AIR_EQUIVALENT_PLASTIC, DEDX_CADMIUM_TELLURIDE,
DEDX_CADMIUM_TUNGSTATE, DEDX_CALCIUM_CARBONATE, DEDX_CALCIUM_FLUORIDE,
DEDX_CALCIUM_OXIDE, DEDX_CALCIUM_SULFATE, DEDX_CALCIUM_TUNGSTATE,
DEDX_CARBON_DIOXIDE, DEDX_CARBON_TETRACHLORIDE,
DEDX_CELLULOSE_ACETATE_CELLOPHANE, DEDX_CELLULOSE_ACETATE_BUTYRATE,
DEDX_CELLULOSE_NITRATE, DEDX_CERIC_SULFATE_DOSIMETER_SOLUTION,
DEDX_CESIUM_FLUORIDE, DEDX_CESIUM_IODIDE, DEDX_CHLORO_BENZENE,
DEDX_CHLOROFORM, DEDX_CONCRETE_PORTLAND, DEDX_CYCLOHEXANE,
DEDX_DICHLOROBENZENE, DEDX_DICHLORODIETHYL_ETHER, DEDX_DICHLOROETHANE,
DEDX_DIETHYLETHER, DEDX_N_N_DIMETHYL_FORMAMIDE, DEDX_DIMETHYL_SULFOXIDE,
DEDX_ETHANE, DEDX_ETHYL_ALCOHOL, DEDX_ETHYL_CELLULOSE, DEDX_ETHYLENE,
DEDX_EYE_LENS_ICRP, DEDX_FERRIC_OXIDE, DEDX_FERRO_BORIDE,
DEDX_FERROUS_OXIDE, DEDX_FERROUS_SULFATE_DOSIMETER_SOLUTION,
DEDX_FREON_12, DEDX_FREON_12B2, DEDX_FREON_13, DEDX_FREON_13B1,
DEDX_FREON_13I1, DEDX_GADOLINIUM_OXYSULFIDE, DEDX_GALLIUM_ARSENIDE,
DEDX_GEL_IN_PHOTOGRAPHIC_EMULSION,
DEDX_GLASS_PYREX, DEDX_GLASS_LEAD, DEDX_GLASS_PLATE, /* 169,170,171 */
DEDX_GLUCOSE, DEDX_GLUTAMINE, DEDX_GLYCEROL,
DEDX_GUANINE, DEDX_GYPSUM_PLASTER_OF_PARIS, DEDX_N_HEPTANE, DEDX_N_HEXANE,
DEDX_KAPTON_POLYIMIDE_FILM, DEDX_LANTHANUM_OXYBROMIDE,
DEDX_LANTHANUM_OXYSULFIDE, DEDX_LEAD_OXIDE, DEDX_LITHIUM_AMIDE,
DEDX_LITHIUM_CARBONATE, DEDX_LITHIUM_FLUORIDE, DEDX_LITHIUM_HYDRIDE,
DEDX_LITHIUM_IODIDE, DEDX_LITHIUM_OXIDE, DEDX_LITHIUM_TETRABORATE,
DEDX_LUNG_ICRP, DEDX_M3_WAX, DEDX_MAGNESIUM_CARBONATE,
DEDX_MAGNESIUM_FLUORIDE, DEDX_MAGNESIUM_OXIDE, DEDX_MAGNESIUM_TETRABORATE,
DEDX_MERCURIC_IODIDE, DEDX_METHANE, DEDX_METHANOL, DEDX_MIX_D_WAX,
DEDX_MS20_TISSUE_SUBSTITUTE, DEDX_MUSCLE_SKELETAL, DEDX_MUSCLE_STRIATED,
DEDX_MUSCLE_EQUIVALENT_LIQUID_WITH_SUCROSE,
DEDX_MUSCLE_EQUIVALENT_LIQUID_WITHOUT_SUCROSE, DEDX_NAPHTHALENE,
DEDX_NITROBENZENE, DEDX_NITROUS_OXIDE, DEDX_NYLON_DUPONT_ELVAMIDE_8062,
DEDX_NYLON_TYPE_6_AND_6_6, DEDX_NYLON_TYPE_6_10,
DEDX_NYLON_TYPE_11_RILSAN, DEDX_OCTANE_LIQUID, DEDX_PARAFFIN_WAX,
DEDX_N_PENTANE, DEDX_PHOTOGRAPHIC_EMULSION,
DEDX_PLASTIC_SCINTILLATOR_VINYLTOLUENE_BASED, DEDX_PLUTONIUM_DIOXIDE,
DEDX_POLYACRYLONITRILE, DEDX_POLYCARBONATE_MAKROLON_LEXAN,
DEDX_POLYCHLOROSTYRENE, DEDX_POLYETHYLENE, DEDX_MYLAR,
DEDX_LUCITE_PERSPEX_PMMA, DEDX_POLYOXYMETHYLENE,
DEDX_POLYPROPYLENE, DEDX_POLYSTYRENE, DEDX_POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,
DEDX_POLYTRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE, DEDX_POLYVINYL_ACETATE,
DEDX_POLYVINYL_ALCOHOL, DEDX_POLYVINYL_BUTYRAL, DEDX_POLYVINYL_CHLORIDE,
DEDX_POLYVINYLIDENE_CHLORIDE_SARAN, DEDX_POLYVINYLIDENE_FLUORIDE,
DEDX_POLYVINYL_PYRROLIDONE, DEDX_POTASSIUM_IODIDE, DEDX_POTASSIUM_OXIDE,
DEDX_PROPANE, DEDX_PROPANE_LIQUID, DEDX_N_PROPYL_ALCOHOL, DEDX_PYRIDINE,
DEDX_RUBBER_BUTYL, DEDX_RUBBER_NATURAL, DEDX_RUBBER_NEOPRENE,
DEDX_SILICON_DIOXIDE, DEDX_SILVER_BROMIDE, DEDX_SILVER_CHLORIDE,
DEDX_SILVER_HALIDES_IN_PHOTOGRAPHIC_EMULSION, DEDX_SILVER_IODIDE,
DEDX_SKIN_ICRP, DEDX_SODIUM_CARBONATE, DEDX_SODIUM_IODIDE,
DEDX_SODIUM_MONOXIDE, DEDX_SODIUM_NITRATE, DEDX_STILBENE,
DEDX_SUCROSE, DEDX_TERPHENYL, DEDX_TESTES_ICRP,
DEDX_TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, DEDX_THALLIUM_CHLORIDE, DEDX_TISSUE_SOFT_ICRP,
DEDX_TISSUE_SOFT_ICRU_FOUR_COMPONENT,
DEDX_TISSUE_EQUIVALENT_GAS_METHANE_BASED,
DEDX_TISSUE_EQUIVALENT_GAS_PROPANE_BASED, DEDX_TITANIUM_DIOXIDE,
DEDX_TOLUENE, DEDX_TRICHLOROETHYLENE, DEDX_TRIETHYL_PHOSPHATE,
DEDX_TUNGSTEN_HEXAFLUORIDE, DEDX_URANIUM_DICARBIDE,
DEDX_URANIUM_MONOCARBIDE, DEDX_URANIUM_OXIDE, DEDX_UREA, DEDX_VALINE,
DEDX_VITON_FLUOROELASTOMER, DEDX_WATER_LIQUID, DEDX_WATER_VAPOR,
DEDX_XYLENE};
/* aliases */
#define DEDX_PROTON 1
#define DEDX_ELECTRON 1001
#define DEDX_POSITRON 1002
#define DEDX_PIMINUS 1003
#define DEDX_PIPLUS 1004
#define DEDX_PIZERO 1005
#define DEDX_ANTIPROTON 1006
#define DEDX_WATER DEDX_WATER_LIQUID
#define DEDX_AIR DEDX_AIR_DRY_NEAR_SEA_LEVEL
#define DEDX_PMMA DEDX_LUCITE_PERSPEX_PMMA
#define DEDX_PERSPEX DEDX_LUCITE_PERSPEX_PMMA
#define DEDX_LUCITE DEDX_LUCITE_PERSPEX_PMMA
#define DEDX_TEFLON DEDX_POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
#define DEDX_CONCRETE DEDX_CONCRETE_PORTLAND
#define DEDX_CAESIUM DEDX_CESIUM